Rical

Generals, triumvirs and daggers, 133–27 BCFounders, feuds and a civil war, 1765–1865Guillotines and turncoats, 1789–1850Pashas, plots and gallows, 1865–1964Comrades, factions and trials, 1903–1953

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Prepared with AI (Claude); names, dates and descriptions may contain mistakes.

Populares (Marius's side)Optimates (Sulla's side)First TriumvirateCaesar's assassinsCaesar's officersWives and sistersCaesar's heirsPompey's heirsEgypt
The CrownLoyalistsPatriot leadersContinental ArmyFederalistsDemocratic-RepublicansWhigsJacksonian DemocratsAbolitionistsRepublicans and the UnionConfederacy
Royal familyHouse of OrléansConstitutional monarchistsGirondinsJacobins / MontagnardsThermidorians & survivorsNapoleon and his marshalsNapoleon's enemies
Young OttomansPalaceTanzimat statesmenReligious reactionLiberal opposition / İtilâfArmy commandUnionists (CUP)Unionists → National movement
Old regime and WhitesProvisional Government and MensheviksLenin's circleLeft OppositionRed Army commandersThe RightStalin's groupSecret police
Social WarSulla's civil warCaesar's civil warEnd of Caesar's civil warLiberators' warEnd of Liberators' warSecond TriumvirateEnd of Second TriumvirateWar of Actium133 BCTiberius Gracchus killed121 BCGaius Gracchus killed109 BCJugurtha's bribesafter 109 BC† Opimius107 BCMarius takes command105 BCJugurtha captured104–100 BCMarius consul again andagain91–88 BCSocial War88 BCSulla marches on Rome87 BCMarius and Cinna retakeRome13 Jan 86 BC† Marius84 BC† Cinna83 BCSulla returns82–81 BCDictatorship andproscriptions78 BC† Sulla74–73 BCWar with Mithridates71 BCSpartacus70 BCRivals share theconsulship68 BCMutiny in the East66 BCPompey gets the East63 BCCatiline conspiracyJan 62 BC† Catiline62–61 BCBona Dea scandal60–59 BCFirst Triumvirate58 BCCicero exiled57 BCCicero recalled56–55 BCLuca renewalc. 57 BC† Lucullus54 BCJulia dies53 BCCarrhaeJan 52 BCClodius killed50 BCCurio changes sidesJan 49 BCRubiconAug 49 BC† Curio9 Aug 48 BCPharsalus28 Sep 48 BCPompey killed in Egypt48–47 BCAlexandria46 BCThapsus and Utica17 Mar 45 BCMunda15 Mar 44 BCIdes of MarchMar 44 BCCaesar's will44–43 BCPhilippics and MutinaNov 43 BCSecond Triumvirate7 Dec 43 BC† CiceroOct 42 BCPhilippi41 BCTarsus41–40 BCPerusine War40 BC† Fulvia40 BCAntony marries Octavia39 BCPact of Misenum36 BCNaulochus35 BC† Sextus Pompey34 BCDonations of Alexandria32 BCAntony's will2 Sep 31 BCActiumAug 30 BCAlexandria fallsJan 27 BCAugustus27 BC → AD 1412 BC† Agrippac. 12 BC† Lepidus11 BC† Octavia19 Aug AD 14† OctavianTiberius GracchusGaius GracchusMariusCinnaCatilineClodiusOpimiusSullaLucullusCato the YoungerCiceroCrassusPompeyJulius CaesarCurioLabienusAgrippaJuliaFulviaOctaviaCassiusBrutusMark AntonyLepidusOctavianSextus PompeyCleopatraKilledHis brotherConsulKilledConvicted, exiledConsulQuaestorCommanderTook the surrenderConsulRome's generalsOutlawed, fledConsulMariansFled to SpainJoined himSullaRefused to divorceHailed MagnusDictatorProfitedCommanderClaimed the creditCrushed the revoltConsulsStirred the mutinyCommanderSpoke for the lawReplacedGiven the commandArgued for deathConspiratorConsulArgued for mercyIntruderTestifiedDivorced his wifeOpposedThe threeMarried PompeySent to CyprusTribuneExiledRecalledBacked itThe threeHusbandDiedFatherCommanderLed the retreatDefended MiloKilledHis widowSole consulWifeBlockedTribunePaid his debtsPompey's sideWent over to PompeyCaesar's sideDefeatedVictorsKilled on landingArrived days laterCaesarQueenEscaped to SpainUticaVictorEscapedKilledVictorHeld outsideKilledConspiratorsHeirFuneral speechLeft RomeAntony's wifeSenate & OctavianDefeatedProscribedTriumvirsTriumvirsLiberatorsTriumvirQueenOctavian's sideRose against OctavianIn the EastHer brotherMarriedSicilyTriumvirsSidelinedDefeatedVictorsAlexandriaLeft in RomeRead the willAntonyDivorcedOctavianAntony & CleopatraVictorTook their own livesPrinceps✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕Revolutionary WarEnd of Revolutionary WarRevolutionary WarWashingtonEnd of WashingtonAdamsEnd of AdamsJeffersonEnd of JeffersonMadisonJ. Q. AdamsJacksonCivil WarEnd of Civil WarMonroeEnd of Monroe1765Stamp ActMar 1770Boston MassacreDec 1773Boston Tea PartyJan 1774The CockpitApr 1775Lexington and ConcordJun 1775Washington takes commandJan 1776Common SenseJul 1776Declaration ofIndependenceDec 1776TrentonOct 1777SaratogaFeb 1778French allianceJun 1778Monmouth3 Jun 1780† HutchinsonAug 1780CamdenSep 1780Arnold changes sidesOct 1781Yorktown2 Oct 1782† Charles LeeSep 1783Treaty of Paris19 Jun 1786† Nathanael Greene2 Apr 1787† Thomas GageMay–Sep 1787ConstitutionalConvention1787–1788RatificationApr 1789First government17 Apr 1790† Benjamin FranklinJun 1790The dinner1792–1793Two parties4 Aug 1792† Burgoyne5 Aug 1792† Lord North8 Oct 1793† John HancockNov 1794Paine freed1794–1795Jay Treaty1796–1797Washington steps down1798Alien and Sedition Acts6 Jun 1799† Patrick Henry14 Dec 1799† Washington1800–1801Election of 180014 Jun 1801† Benedict Arnold1803Louisiana Purchase2 Oct 1803† Samuel Adams11 Jul 1804Weehawken24 Aug 1804† Peggy Shippen5 Oct 1805† Cornwallis10 Apr 1806† Horatio Gates25 Oct 1806† Henry Knox1807Burr's treason trial8 Jun 1809† Thomas Paine1812Old friends1812–1815War of 181217 Nov 1813† William Franklin1817Era of Good Feelings29 Jan 1820† George IIIMar 1820Missouri CompromiseDec 1823Monroe Doctrine1824–1825Lafayette's farewelltour1824–1825Election of 18244 Jul 1826Fiftieth anniversary1828Jackson elected17 May 1829† John Jay4 Jul 1831† Monroe1832–1833Nullification crisis20 May 1834† Lafayette28 Jun 1836† Madison14 Sep 1836† Aaron Burr1836 → 18411841Amistad8 Jun 1845† Andrew Jackson1846–1848Mexican War23 Feb 1848† John Quincy Adams1850Compromise of 185031 Mar 1850† John C. Calhoun29 Jun 1852† Henry Clay24 Oct 1852† Daniel Webster1854Kansas–Nebraska ActMar 1857Dred Scott1858Lincoln–Douglas debatesOct 1859Harpers Ferry1860Election of 1860Apr 1861Fort Sumter3 Jun 1861† Stephen DouglasJul 1861First Bull RunSep 1862AntietamJan 1863EmancipationProclamationMay 1863ChancellorsvilleJul 1863Gettysburg and VicksburgMar–Sep 1864Grant in commandNov 1864Election of 1864Apr 1865Richmond fallsApr 1865Appomattox14 Apr 1865Ford's Theatre1865 → 189524 Dec 1869† Edwin Stanton12 Oct 1870† Robert E. Lee10 Oct 1872† William Seward23 Jul 1885† Grant29 Oct 1885† McClellan6 Dec 1889† Jefferson Davis14 Feb 1891† Sherman20 Feb 1895† Frederick DouglassGeorge IIILord NorthThomas GageBurgoyneCornwallisJohn AndréHutchinsonWilliam FranklinPeggy ShippenSamuel AdamsJohn HancockPatrick HenryBenjamin FranklinThomas PaineWashingtonNathanael GreeneHenry KnoxHoratio GatesCharles LeeBenedict ArnoldLafayetteHamiltonJohn AdamsJohn JayJeffersonMadisonMonroeAaron BurrJohn Quincy AdamsHenry ClayDaniel WebsterAndrew JacksonJohn C. CalhounStephen DouglasFrederick DouglassJohn BrownLincolnWilliam SewardGrantEdwin StantonMcClellanShermanJefferson DavisStonewall JacksonRobert E. LeeProtestedHouse wreckedLobbied in LondonKingDefended the soldiersRallied BostonActing governorPrime MinisterPatriot leadersGovernorNew governorBeratedHis lettersSent the troopsWarned in timeCommanderRecalledNominated himPresidingWrote itDraftedCommitteeArrestedKingSigned firstThe American CrisisWoundedCrossed the DelawareCapturedSurrenderedLed the attackCommandingIn the armySigned in ParisRallied the armyIn the fightCourt-martialledRoutedTook over the southVictorChanged sidesHis wifeCaught, hangedDiscovered itSurrenderedStormed a redoubtBesiegedResignedNegotiatorsIn exileKingElder statesmanStayed awayDraftersPresidedOpposed in VirginiaThe FederalistChief JusticePresidentCabinetVice PresidentAt the tableRepublicansPresidentFederalistsPrisoner in ParisGot him outNegotiatedOpposed itDefended itVice PresidentRetiredDrafted the addressPresidentResolutions againstNew armySignedTiedTipped itLostNegotiatedSecretary of StatePresidentFiredMortally woundedPressed the caseAcquittedWrote againState and WarPresidentPresidentRetiredBrokered itPresidentAlarmedWrote itPresidentHostsGuestMost votesChosen by the HouseSecretary of StateDied the same dayVice PresidentPresidentDefeatedResignedFor the UnionPresidentCompromise tariffArgued for the captivesServedOpposed it in CongressOpposed itBacked itPassed itProposed itWrote itOpposed itIn KansasDefended itAttacked itChallengerKept the seatCaptured himLed the raidDeclined to joinElectedLost the electionLost the nominationPresidentWent with VirginiaRallied to the UnionSecretary of StateConfederate PresidentCalled to WashingtonStood firmPresidentUnion brigadeUnion commanderSecretary of WarWithdrewAnnounced emancipationIssued itAdvised on timingRecruited soldiersShot by his own sideWonThe addressTook VicksburgTurned backSecretary of WarGeneral-in-chiefTook AtlantaLostRe-electedWalked the cityBroke the linesFledAcceptedSurrenderedAt his bedsideShotStabbed, survived✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕The TerrorEnd of The TerrorThe DirectoryEnd of The DirectoryThe ConsulateEnd of The ConsulateThe EmpireEnd of The EmpireThe EmpireThe RestorationEnd of The Restoration1st CoalitionEnd of 1st Coalition1st Coalition1st Coalition2nd Coalition3rd Coalition4th Coalition5th Coalition6th Coalition7th CoalitionJun 1789The National AssemblyJul 1789The Bastille14 Jul 1790Fête de la Fédération2 Apr 1791† Mirabeau20–21 Jun 1791Flight to Varennes17 Jul 1791Champ de MarsApr 1792War10 Aug 1792The monarchy fallsSep 1792September MassacresSep 1792ValmyJan 1793The king's trialApr 1793Dumouriez defects2 Jun 1793Girondins purged13 Jul 1793Marat killedJul 1793The Committee16 Oct 1793† Marie Antoinette31 Oct 1793† Brissot6 Nov 1793† Philippe Égalité12 Nov 1793† BaillyNov 1793LyonDec 1793ToulonMar 1794Hébertists executedApr 1794Dantonists executed27 Jul 17949 Thermidor5 Oct 179513 VendémiaireMar 1796ItalyJul 1797Talleyrand returnsSep 179718 Fructidor1–3 Aug 1798Battle of the Nile9–10 Nov 179918 BrumaireDec 1799The ConsulateDec 1800Rue Saint-NicaiseFeb 1804Cadoudal conspiracyMar 1804Duc d'Enghien9 Apr 1804† Necker25 Jun 1804† Cadoudal1804Emperor21 Oct 1805TrafalgarDec 1805Austerlitz22 Apr 1806† VilleneuveOct 1806JenaJul 1807TilsitJan 1809Silk stockingJul 1809WagramDec 1809DivorceJun 1810Fouché dismissedAug 1810Bernadotte to SwedenAug–Oct 1813Dresden and LeipzigApr 1814First abdication29 May 1814† JoséphineMar–Jun 1815Hundred Days18 Jun 1815WaterlooJul 1815Second Restoration13 Oct 1815† MuratDec 1815Ney shotJan 1816Regicides banished16 Nov 1820† Tallien26 Dec 1820† Fouché5 May 1821† Napoleon14 Mar 1823† Dumouriez2 Aug 1823† Carnot16 Sep 1824† Louis XVIII29 Jan 1829† BarrasJul 1830July Revolution20 May 1834† Lafayette20 Jun 1836† Sieyès17 May 1838† Talleyrand1838 → 18508 Mar 1844† Bernadotte26 Aug 1850† Louis-PhilippeLouis XVIMarie AntoinetteLouis XVIIIPhilippe ÉgalitéLouis-PhilippeNeckerBaillyMirabeauLafayetteDumouriezBrissotMaratDantonDesmoulinsHébertRobespierreSaint-JustCarnotTallienSieyèsFouchéTalleyrandBarrasJoséphineMuratNeyBernadotteMoreauCadoudalVilleneuveNapoleonDeputiesKingPalais-RoyalKingNew Paris leadersCalled to armsDismissed, recalledSaid the massKingLed the oathCaughtBlamedGot awayWent into hidingMartial lawFor warAgainstDeclared itDeposedInsurrectionFledApprovedMinister of JusticeLeft with Danton's passportGeneralYoung officerAppeal to the peopleExecutedVoted deathWent over to AustriaArrestedArrestedMontagnards & CommuneKilledCommittee of Public SafetyDroppedOn missionArtilleryRepresentativeExecutedCommitteeCommitteeExecutedFreedBriefly arrestedOverthrownPlottersCommitteeArtilleryIn chargeFetched the gunsMarriedDirectorForeign MinisterDirectorReleasedCoupPurged, fledEscaped with the rearIn EgyptStayed asidePlottersCleared the hallPushed outSidelinedFirst ConsulChouan plotTargetPolice MinisterExiledArrestedFirst ConsulOrderedAdvisedCriticEmperor & EmpressMarshalsMinistersDefeated, capturedMarshalsEmperorMarshalsEmperorEmperorNegotiatorEmperorSuspectedEmperorSent homeDivorcedEmperorEmperorDismissedCrown PrinceEmperorAgainst NapoleonNapoleon's sideProvisional governmentRestoredAbdicatedPressed himAt ViennaMinistersFled to GhentReturnedWent overDefeatedDemanded abdicationMinistersKingExiledKingExecutedBanishedKingNew kingAdvisorReturnedNational Guard✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕1st Constitutional EraItalo-Turkish WarEnd of Italo-Turkish WarBalkan WarsEnd of Balkan WarsFirst World WarEnd of First World WarWar of IndependenceEnd of War of Independence1865–1867Young OttomansApr 1873Vatan Yahut SilistreOct 1875Ramazan KararnamesiMay 1876Softa protests30 May 1876Abdülaziz deposed15 Jun 1876Çerkes Hasan raid17 Jun 1876† Çerkes Hasan31 Aug 1876Murad V deposed23 Dec 1876Constitution proclaimedFeb 1877Midhat exiled20 May 1878Çırağan raidJun 1881Yıldız trial1883† Mahmud Nedim Paşa1884† Midhat Paşa2 Dec 1888† Namık Kemal1888 → 1902 · Hamidian rule; the opposition moves to ParisFeb 1902Paris oppositioncongress29 Aug 1904† Murad VSep–Dec 1907Salonika meets ParisJun–Jul 1908To the mountains23 Jul 1908Constitution restoredDec 1908Parliament reopens13 Feb 1909Kâmil Paşa toppled13 Apr 190931 Mart uprising24 Apr 1909Action Army takesIstanbul27 Apr 1909Abdülhamid deposed1909† Derviş VahdetiSep 1909Salonika congressApr 1911Hizb-i Cedid splitOct 1911Off to LibyaNov 1911Hürriyet ve İtilâffoundedApr 1912Election of ClubsJul 1912Saviour OfficersOct–Nov 1912First Balkan War23 Jan 1913Bab-ı Ali raid17 Apr 1913† Resneli Niyazi11 Jun 1913Mahmud ŞevketassassinatedJul 1913Edirne retakenOct 1913Sent to Sofia14 Nov 1913† Kâmil PaşaJan 1914The triumvirate2 Aug 1914Secret German allianceNov 1914Into the World WarMay 1915TehcirApr–Aug 1915GallipoliSep 1916Yakub Cemil executedFeb 1917Talât takes over10 Feb 1918† Abdülhamid II3 Jul 1918† Mehmed V Reşad30 Oct 1918Mudros armistice2 Nov 1918Flight on a German shipMay 1919Sent to SamsunJun–Jul 1919Amasya & Erzurum1919–1920Istanbul courts-martial1919–1920Malta exiles10 Aug 1920Treaty of Sèvres15 Mar 1921† TalâtAug–Sep 1921Sakarya vs Batum5 Dec 1921† Sait Halim Paşa17 Apr 1922† Bahaeddin Şakir21 Jul 1922† Cemal4 Aug 1922† EnverNov 1922Sultanate abolished6 Oct 1923† Damat Ferid PaşaMar 1924Dynasty exiledNov 1924Terakkiperver party16 May 1926† Mehmed VI VahdettinJun–Aug 1926İzmir plot trials1926 → 193026 Feb 1930† Ahmed RızaAug–Nov 1930Free Republican Party1930 → 193810 Nov 1938† Mustafa Kemal Atatürk1940† Mehmed Sadık Bey7 May 1943† Fethi Okyar26 Jan 1948† Kâzım Karabekir30 Jun 1948† Prens Sabahaddin16 Jul 1964† Rauf OrbayAli SuaviNamık KemalMahmud Nedim PaşaÇerkes HasanHüseyin Avni PaşaMidhat PaşaMurad VAbdülhamid IIMehmed V ReşadDerviş VahdetiPrens SabahaddinAhmed RızaMehmed Sadık BeyKâmil PaşaNazım PaşaMahmud Şevket PaşaSait Halim PaşaTalâtEnverYakub CemilResneli NiyaziCemalDr. NâzımBahaeddin ŞakirCavidMehmed VI VahdettinDamat Ferid PaşaMustafa Kemal AtatürkFethi OkyarRauf OrbayKâzım KarabekirYoung OttomansExiled to CyprusGrand VizierDebt commissionDismissedBehind the protestsCoup ministersEnthronedAttackerCabinet at Midhat'sKingmakerEnthronedDeposedDraftersSultanExiledSultanSultanRaidersTo be restoredConvictedPalaceDecentralistsCentralistsDecentralistsParis CUPSalonikaRebel officersPalaceCUPSultan yieldsSpeakerSultanKâmil & AhrarCUP majorityMutineers / VolkanTargets, in hidingMutineersAction ArmyArmy & assemblyDeposedEnthronedArmy out of politicsCommitteeDissidentsLeadershipVolunteer officersİtilâf campİtilâfCUPForced outHalaskâr sideGovernment & commandBack from LibyaEvacuatedGovernmentNew Grand VizierRaidersBlamedVictimCrackdownCUPPosted to SofiaThree PashasSignedKept in the darkResignedWar partyCabinetInterior MinistrySenateFront commanderWar MinisterAccused plotterRegimeOutInSignedFledInspectorIstanbulRefused arrest orderAmasya circularSentenced in absentiaIstanbul governmentDeported to MaltaArrested underAnkara rejectsIstanbul acceptsCommanding at SakaryaWaiting at BatumAnkaraFledBanished dynastyAnkaraOpposition foundersGovernmentAcquittedIn absentiaHangedAnkara / TribunalAsked for itFounder✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕First World WarEnd of First World WarCivil WarEnd of Civil WarNEP yearsEnd of NEP yearsMoscow trialsEnd of Moscow trialsJul–Aug 1903The split19051905 Revolution1912A party of their ownAug 1914WarSep 1915ZimmerwaldFeb–Mar 1917February RevolutionApr 1917The sealed trainJul 1917July DaysAug–Sep 1917Kornilov affairOct 1917October RevolutionNov–Dec 1917The new governmentMar 1918Brest-Litovsk13 Apr 1918† Kornilov30 May 1918† PlekhanovJul 1918YekaterinburgAug–Sep 1918Lenin shot1918–1920Civil War16 Mar 1919† SverdlovAug 1920WarsawMar 1921Kronstadt and NEPApr 1922General SecretaryDec 1922–Mar 1923Lenin's Testament4 Apr 1923† Martov21 Jan 1924† LeninMay 1924Testament shelvedJan 1925Trotsky out of the army31 Oct 1925† FrunzeDec 1925New Opposition20 Jul 1926† DzerzhinskyNov–Dec 1927United OppositionexpelledFeb 1929Prinkipo1929–1930The Right defeatedDec 1934Kirov killedAug 1936First Moscow trialJan 1937Second Moscow trial18 Feb 1937† OrdzhonikidzeJun 1937The generalsMar 1938Third Moscow trialNov 1938Yezhov replaced27 Feb 1939† KrupskayaMay 1939† RadekAug 1939Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact4 Feb 1940† YezhovAug 1940Coyoacán1940 → 1952 · the Second World War9 Mar 1952† Kollontai5 Mar 1953† StalinJun–Dec 1953Beria's fallNicholas IIKornilovKerenskyMartovPlekhanovLeninKrupskayaZinovievKamenevSverdlovKollontaiTrotskyRadekTukhachevskyFrunzeBukharinRykovTomskyStalinMolotovKirovOrdzhonikidzeDzerzhinskyYagodaYezhovBeriaBacked Lenin, then leftBolsheviksMensheviksReturned lateLed the Petersburg SovietOctober ManifestoPravdaCo-optedFoundersMoved to SwitzerlandOpposed itZimmerwald LeftAlso thereBack from SiberiaProvisional GovernmentAbdicatedCalled them ravingsOn the trainObjectedHid in FinlandArrestedHead of governmentReleasedTurned to the SovietsMarched on PetrogradOpposed itLed itOverthrownWalked outCommissarsChairmanSoviet executiveChekaFor revolutionary warNeither war nor peaceFor peaceAnnounced itShotWoundedRed TerrorClashed at TsaritsynFront commandersWar CommissarNeighbouring frontDefeatedOrdered the assaultNEP, faction banLed itWorkers' OppositionGeneral SecretaryBacked himTo be removedInsultedAlso assessedDictated itThe Georgian affairKept his postHanded it overSaved himStayed silentRemovedReplaced himSent to LeningradWonNew OppositionIn chargeExpelledDeported to TurkeyHead of governmentWonDefeatedRecantedInvestigatedKilledArrestedNKVD chiefTried, shotNamedTook over the NKVDNKVD chiefHis deputy shotTen yearsNKVD chiefShotTried, shotNKVD chiefMoved asideNew NKVD chiefSignedPresentKilledJoined against himArrested, shot✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕Social WarSulla's civil warCaesar's civil warEnd of Caesar's civil warLiberators' warEnd of Liberators' warSecond TriumvirateEnd of Second TriumvirateWar of Actium133 BCTiberiusGracchus killed121 BCGaius Gracchuskilled109 BCJugurtha'sbribesafter 109 BC† Opimius107 BCMarius takescommand105 BCJugurthacaptured104–100 BCMarius consulagain and again91–88 BCSocial War88 BCSulla marcheson Rome87 BCMarius andCinna retakeRome13 Jan 86 BC† Marius84 BC† Cinna83 BCSulla returns82–81 BCDictatorshipandproscriptions78 BC† Sulla74–73 BCWar withMithridates71 BCSpartacus70 BCRivals sharethe consulship68 BCMutiny in theEast66 BCPompey gets theEast63 BCCatilineconspiracyJan 62 BC† Catiline62–61 BCBona Deascandal60–59 BCFirstTriumvirate58 BCCicero exiled57 BCCicero recalled56–55 BCLuca renewalc. 57 BC† Lucullus54 BCJulia dies53 BCCarrhaeJan 52 BCClodius killed50 BCCurio changessidesJan 49 BCRubiconAug 49 BC† Curio9 Aug 48 BCPharsalus28 Sep 48 BCPompey killedin Egypt48–47 BCAlexandria46 BCThapsus andUtica17 Mar 45 BCMunda15 Mar 44 BCIdes of MarchMar 44 BCCaesar's will44–43 BCPhilippics andMutinaNov 43 BCSecondTriumvirate7 Dec 43 BC† CiceroOct 42 BCPhilippi41 BCTarsus41–40 BCPerusine War40 BC† Fulvia40 BCAntony marriesOctavia39 BCPact of Misenum36 BCNaulochus35 BC† Sextus Pompey34 BCDonations ofAlexandria32 BCAntony's will2 Sep 31 BCActiumAug 30 BCAlexandriafallsJan 27 BCAugustus27 BC → AD 1412 BC† Agrippac. 12 BC† Lepidus11 BC† Octavia19 Aug AD 14† OctavianTiberius GracchusGaius GracchusMariusCinnaCatilineClodiusOpimiusSullaLucullusCato the YoungerCiceroCrassusPompeyJulius CaesarCurioLabienusAgrippaJuliaFulviaOctaviaCassiusBrutusMark AntonyLepidusOctavianSextus PompeyCleopatraKilledHis brotherConsulKilledConvicted, exiledConsulQuaestorCommanderTook the surrenderConsulRome's generalsOutlawed, fledConsulMariansFled to SpainJoined himSullaRefused to divorceHailed MagnusDictatorProfitedCommanderClaimed the creditCrushed the revoltConsulsStirred the mutinyCommanderSpoke for the lawReplacedGiven the commandArgued for deathConspiratorConsulArgued for mercyIntruderTestifiedDivorced his wifeOpposedThe threeMarried PompeySent to CyprusTribuneExiledRecalledBacked itThe threeHusbandDiedFatherCommanderLed the retreatDefended MiloKilledHis widowSole consulWifeBlockedTribunePaid his debtsPompey's sideWent over to PompeyCaesar's sideDefeatedVictorsKilled on landingArrived days laterCaesarQueenEscaped to SpainUticaVictorEscapedKilledVictorHeld outsideKilledConspiratorsHeirFuneral speechLeft RomeAntony's wifeSenate & OctavianDefeatedProscribedTriumvirsTriumvirsLiberatorsTriumvirQueenOctavian's sideRose against OctavianIn the EastHer brotherMarriedSicilyTriumvirsSidelinedDefeatedVictorsAlexandriaLeft in RomeRead the willAntonyDivorcedOctavianAntony & CleopatraVictorTook their own livesPrinceps✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕Revolutionary WarEnd of Revolutionary WarRevolutionary WarWashingtonEnd of WashingtonAdamsEnd of AdamsJeffersonEnd of JeffersonMadisonJ. Q. AdamsJacksonCivil WarEnd of Civil WarMonroeEnd of Monroe1765Stamp ActMar 1770Boston MassacreDec 1773Boston TeaPartyJan 1774The CockpitApr 1775Lexington andConcordJun 1775Washingtontakes commandJan 1776Common SenseJul 1776Declaration ofIndependenceDec 1776TrentonOct 1777SaratogaFeb 1778French allianceJun 1778Monmouth3 Jun 1780† HutchinsonAug 1780CamdenSep 1780Arnold changessidesOct 1781Yorktown2 Oct 1782† Charles LeeSep 1783Treaty of Paris19 Jun 1786† Nathanael Greene2 Apr 1787† Thomas GageMay–Sep 1787ConstitutionalConvention1787–1788RatificationApr 1789Firstgovernment17 Apr 1790† Benjamin FranklinJun 1790The dinner1792–1793Two parties4 Aug 1792† Burgoyne5 Aug 1792† Lord North8 Oct 1793† John HancockNov 1794Paine freed1794–1795Jay Treaty1796–1797Washingtonsteps down1798Alien andSedition Acts6 Jun 1799† Patrick Henry14 Dec 1799† Washington1800–1801Election of180014 Jun 1801† Benedict Arnold1803LouisianaPurchase2 Oct 1803† Samuel Adams11 Jul 1804Weehawken24 Aug 1804† Peggy Shippen5 Oct 1805† Cornwallis10 Apr 1806† Horatio Gates25 Oct 1806† Henry Knox1807Burr's treasontrial8 Jun 1809† Thomas Paine1812Old friends1812–1815War of 181217 Nov 1813† William Franklin1817Era of GoodFeelings29 Jan 1820† George IIIMar 1820MissouriCompromiseDec 1823Monroe Doctrine1824–1825Lafayette'sfarewell tour1824–1825Election of18244 Jul 1826Fiftiethanniversary1828Jackson elected17 May 1829† John Jay4 Jul 1831† Monroe1832–1833Nullificationcrisis20 May 1834† Lafayette28 Jun 1836† Madison14 Sep 1836† Aaron Burr1836 → 18411841Amistad8 Jun 1845† Andrew Jackson1846–1848Mexican War23 Feb 1848† John Quincy Adams1850Compromise of185031 Mar 1850† John C. Calhoun29 Jun 1852† Henry Clay24 Oct 1852† Daniel Webster1854Kansas–NebraskaActMar 1857Dred Scott1858Lincoln–DouglasdebatesOct 1859Harpers Ferry1860Election of1860Apr 1861Fort Sumter3 Jun 1861† Stephen DouglasJul 1861First Bull RunSep 1862AntietamJan 1863EmancipationProclamationMay 1863ChancellorsvilleJul 1863Gettysburg andVicksburgMar–Sep 1864Grant incommandNov 1864Election of1864Apr 1865Richmond fallsApr 1865Appomattox14 Apr 1865Ford's Theatre1865 → 189524 Dec 1869† Edwin Stanton12 Oct 1870† Robert E. Lee10 Oct 1872† William Seward23 Jul 1885† Grant29 Oct 1885† McClellan6 Dec 1889† Jefferson Davis14 Feb 1891† Sherman20 Feb 1895† Frederick DouglassGeorge IIILord NorthThomas GageBurgoyneCornwallisJohn AndréHutchinsonWilliam FranklinPeggy ShippenSamuel AdamsJohn HancockPatrick HenryBenjamin FranklinThomas PaineWashingtonNathanael GreeneHenry KnoxHoratio GatesCharles LeeBenedict ArnoldLafayetteHamiltonJohn AdamsJohn JayJeffersonMadisonMonroeAaron BurrJohn Quincy AdamsHenry ClayDaniel WebsterAndrew JacksonJohn C. CalhounStephen DouglasFrederick DouglassJohn BrownLincolnWilliam SewardGrantEdwin StantonMcClellanShermanJefferson DavisStonewall JacksonRobert E. LeeProtestedHouse wreckedLobbied in LondonKingDefended the soldiersRallied BostonActing governorPrime MinisterPatriot leadersGovernorNew governorBeratedHis lettersSent the troopsWarned in timeCommanderRecalledNominated himPresidingWrote itDraftedCommitteeArrestedKingSigned firstThe American CrisisWoundedCrossed the DelawareCapturedSurrenderedLed the attackCommandingIn the armySigned in ParisRallied the armyIn the fightCourt-martialledRoutedTook over the southVictorChanged sidesHis wifeCaught, hangedDiscovered itSurrenderedStormed a redoubtBesiegedResignedNegotiatorsIn exileKingElder statesmanStayed awayDraftersPresidedOpposed in VirginiaThe FederalistChief JusticePresidentCabinetVice PresidentAt the tableRepublicansPresidentFederalistsPrisoner in ParisGot him outNegotiatedOpposed itDefended itVice PresidentRetiredDrafted the addressPresidentResolutions againstNew armySignedTiedTipped itLostNegotiatedSecretary of StatePresidentFiredMortally woundedPressed the caseAcquittedWrote againState and WarPresidentPresidentRetiredBrokered itPresidentAlarmedWrote itPresidentHostsGuestMost votesChosen by the HouseSecretary of StateDied the same dayVice PresidentPresidentDefeatedResignedFor the UnionPresidentCompromise tariffArgued for the captivesServedOpposed it in CongressOpposed itBacked itPassed itProposed itWrote itOpposed itIn KansasDefended itAttacked itChallengerKept the seatCaptured himLed the raidDeclined to joinElectedLost the electionLost the nominationPresidentWent with VirginiaRallied to the UnionSecretary of StateConfederate PresidentCalled to WashingtonStood firmPresidentUnion brigadeUnion commanderSecretary of WarWithdrewAnnounced emancipationIssued itAdvised on timingRecruited soldiersShot by his own sideWonThe addressTook VicksburgTurned backSecretary of WarGeneral-in-chiefTook AtlantaLostRe-electedWalked the cityBroke the linesFledAcceptedSurrenderedAt his bedsideShotStabbed, survived✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕The TerrorEnd of The TerrorThe DirectoryEnd of The DirectoryThe ConsulateEnd of The ConsulateThe EmpireEnd of The EmpireThe EmpireThe RestorationEnd of The Restoration1st CoalitionEnd of 1st Coalition1st Coalition1st Coalition2nd Coalition3rd Coalition4th Coalition5th Coalition6th Coalition7th CoalitionJun 1789The NationalAssemblyJul 1789The Bastille14 Jul 1790Fête de laFédération2 Apr 1791† Mirabeau20–21 Jun 1791Flight toVarennes17 Jul 1791Champ de MarsApr 1792War10 Aug 1792The monarchyfallsSep 1792SeptemberMassacresSep 1792ValmyJan 1793The king'strialApr 1793Dumouriezdefects2 Jun 1793Girondinspurged13 Jul 1793Marat killedJul 1793The Committee16 Oct 1793† Marie Antoinette31 Oct 1793† Brissot6 Nov 1793† Philippe Égalité12 Nov 1793† BaillyNov 1793LyonDec 1793ToulonMar 1794HébertistsexecutedApr 1794Dantonistsexecuted27 Jul 17949 Thermidor5 Oct 179513 VendémiaireMar 1796ItalyJul 1797TalleyrandreturnsSep 179718 Fructidor1–3 Aug 1798Battle of theNile9–10 Nov 179918 BrumaireDec 1799The ConsulateDec 1800RueSaint-NicaiseFeb 1804CadoudalconspiracyMar 1804Duc d'Enghien9 Apr 1804† Necker25 Jun 1804† Cadoudal1804Emperor21 Oct 1805TrafalgarDec 1805Austerlitz22 Apr 1806† VilleneuveOct 1806JenaJul 1807TilsitJan 1809Silk stockingJul 1809WagramDec 1809DivorceJun 1810FouchédismissedAug 1810Bernadotte toSwedenAug–Oct 1813Dresden andLeipzigApr 1814Firstabdication29 May 1814† JoséphineMar–Jun 1815Hundred Days18 Jun 1815WaterlooJul 1815SecondRestoration13 Oct 1815† MuratDec 1815Ney shotJan 1816Regicidesbanished16 Nov 1820† Tallien26 Dec 1820† Fouché5 May 1821† Napoleon14 Mar 1823† Dumouriez2 Aug 1823† Carnot16 Sep 1824† Louis XVIII29 Jan 1829† BarrasJul 1830July Revolution20 May 1834† Lafayette20 Jun 1836† Sieyès17 May 1838† Talleyrand1838 → 18508 Mar 1844† Bernadotte26 Aug 1850† Louis-PhilippeLouis XVIMarie AntoinetteLouis XVIIIPhilippe ÉgalitéLouis-PhilippeNeckerBaillyMirabeauLafayetteDumouriezBrissotMaratDantonDesmoulinsHébertRobespierreSaint-JustCarnotTallienSieyèsFouchéTalleyrandBarrasJoséphineMuratNeyBernadotteMoreauCadoudalVilleneuveNapoleonDeputiesKingPalais-RoyalKingNew Paris leadersCalled to armsDismissed, recalledSaid the massKingLed the oathCaughtBlamedGot awayWent into hidingMartial lawFor warAgainstDeclared itDeposedInsurrectionFledApprovedMinister of JusticeLeft with Danton's passportGeneralYoung officerAppeal to the peopleExecutedVoted deathWent over to AustriaArrestedArrestedMontagnards & CommuneKilledCommittee of Public SafetyDroppedOn missionArtilleryRepresentativeExecutedCommitteeCommitteeExecutedFreedBriefly arrestedOverthrownPlottersCommitteeArtilleryIn chargeFetched the gunsMarriedDirectorForeign MinisterDirectorReleasedCoupPurged, fledEscaped with the rearIn EgyptStayed asidePlottersCleared the hallPushed outSidelinedFirst ConsulChouan plotTargetPolice MinisterExiledArrestedFirst ConsulOrderedAdvisedCriticEmperor & EmpressMarshalsMinistersDefeated, capturedMarshalsEmperorMarshalsEmperorEmperorNegotiatorEmperorSuspectedEmperorSent homeDivorcedEmperorEmperorDismissedCrown PrinceEmperorAgainst NapoleonNapoleon's sideProvisional governmentRestoredAbdicatedPressed himAt ViennaMinistersFled to GhentReturnedWent overDefeatedDemanded abdicationMinistersKingExiledKingExecutedBanishedKingNew kingAdvisorReturnedNational Guard✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕1st Constitutional EraItalo-Turkish WarEnd of Italo-Turkish WarBalkan WarsEnd of Balkan WarsFirst World WarEnd of First World WarWar of IndependenceEnd of War of Independence1865–1867Young OttomansApr 1873Vatan YahutSilistreOct 1875RamazanKararnamesiMay 1876Softa protests30 May 1876Abdülazizdeposed15 Jun 1876Çerkes Hasanraid17 Jun 1876† Çerkes Hasan31 Aug 1876Murad V deposed23 Dec 1876ConstitutionproclaimedFeb 1877Midhat exiled20 May 1878Çırağan raidJun 1881Yıldız trial1883† Mahmud Nedim Paşa1884† Midhat Paşa2 Dec 1888† Namık Kemal1888 → 1902 · Hamidian rule; the opposition moves to ParisFeb 1902Parisoppositioncongress29 Aug 1904† Murad VSep–Dec 1907Salonika meetsParisJun–Jul 1908To themountains23 Jul 1908ConstitutionrestoredDec 1908Parliamentreopens13 Feb 1909Kâmil Paşatoppled13 Apr 190931 Martuprising24 Apr 1909Action Armytakes Istanbul27 Apr 1909Abdülhamiddeposed1909† Derviş VahdetiSep 1909SalonikacongressApr 1911Hizb-i CedidsplitOct 1911Off to LibyaNov 1911Hürriyet veİtilâf foundedApr 1912Election ofClubsJul 1912SaviourOfficersOct–Nov 1912First BalkanWar23 Jan 1913Bab-ı Ali raid17 Apr 1913† Resneli Niyazi11 Jun 1913Mahmud ŞevketassassinatedJul 1913Edirne retakenOct 1913Sent to Sofia14 Nov 1913† Kâmil PaşaJan 1914The triumvirate2 Aug 1914Secret GermanallianceNov 1914Into the WorldWarMay 1915TehcirApr–Aug 1915GallipoliSep 1916Yakub CemilexecutedFeb 1917Talât takesover10 Feb 1918† Abdülhamid II3 Jul 1918† Mehmed V Reşad30 Oct 1918Mudrosarmistice2 Nov 1918Flight on aGerman shipMay 1919Sent to SamsunJun–Jul 1919Amasya &Erzurum1919–1920Istanbulcourts-martial1919–1920Malta exiles10 Aug 1920Treaty ofSèvres15 Mar 1921† TalâtAug–Sep 1921Sakarya vsBatum5 Dec 1921† Sait Halim Paşa17 Apr 1922† Bahaeddin Şakir21 Jul 1922† Cemal4 Aug 1922† EnverNov 1922Sultanateabolished6 Oct 1923† Damat Ferid PaşaMar 1924Dynasty exiledNov 1924Terakkiperverparty16 May 1926† Mehmed VI VahdettinJun–Aug 1926İzmir plottrials1926 → 193026 Feb 1930† Ahmed RızaAug–Nov 1930Free RepublicanParty1930 → 193810 Nov 1938† Mustafa Kemal Atatürk1940† Mehmed Sadık Bey7 May 1943† Fethi Okyar26 Jan 1948† Kâzım Karabekir30 Jun 1948† Prens Sabahaddin16 Jul 1964† Rauf OrbayAli SuaviNamık KemalMahmud Nedim PaşaÇerkes HasanHüseyin Avni PaşaMidhat PaşaMurad VAbdülhamid IIMehmed V ReşadDerviş VahdetiPrens SabahaddinAhmed RızaMehmed Sadık BeyKâmil PaşaNazım PaşaMahmud Şevket PaşaSait Halim PaşaTalâtEnverYakub CemilResneli NiyaziCemalDr. NâzımBahaeddin ŞakirCavidMehmed VI VahdettinDamat Ferid PaşaMustafa Kemal AtatürkFethi OkyarRauf OrbayKâzım KarabekirYoung OttomansExiled to CyprusGrand VizierDebt commissionDismissedBehind the protestsCoup ministersEnthronedAttackerCabinet at Midhat'sKingmakerEnthronedDeposedDraftersSultanExiledSultanSultanRaidersTo be restoredConvictedPalaceDecentralistsCentralistsDecentralistsParis CUPSalonikaRebel officersPalaceCUPSultan yieldsSpeakerSultanKâmil & AhrarCUP majorityMutineers / VolkanTargets, in hidingMutineersAction ArmyArmy & assemblyDeposedEnthronedArmy out of politicsCommitteeDissidentsLeadershipVolunteer officersİtilâf campİtilâfCUPForced outHalaskâr sideGovernment & commandBack from LibyaEvacuatedGovernmentNew Grand VizierRaidersBlamedVictimCrackdownCUPPosted to SofiaThree PashasSignedKept in the darkResignedWar partyCabinetInterior MinistrySenateFront commanderWar MinisterAccused plotterRegimeOutInSignedFledInspectorIstanbulRefused arrest orderAmasya circularSentenced in absentiaIstanbul governmentDeported to MaltaArrested underAnkara rejectsIstanbul acceptsCommanding at SakaryaWaiting at BatumAnkaraFledBanished dynastyAnkaraOpposition foundersGovernmentAcquittedIn absentiaHangedAnkara / TribunalAsked for itFounder✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕First World WarEnd of First World WarCivil WarEnd of Civil WarNEP yearsEnd of NEP yearsMoscow trialsEnd of Moscow trialsJul–Aug 1903The split19051905 Revolution1912A party oftheir ownAug 1914WarSep 1915ZimmerwaldFeb–Mar 1917FebruaryRevolutionApr 1917The sealedtrainJul 1917July DaysAug–Sep 1917Kornilov affairOct 1917OctoberRevolutionNov–Dec 1917The newgovernmentMar 1918Brest-Litovsk13 Apr 1918† Kornilov30 May 1918† PlekhanovJul 1918YekaterinburgAug–Sep 1918Lenin shot1918–1920Civil War16 Mar 1919† SverdlovAug 1920WarsawMar 1921Kronstadt andNEPApr 1922GeneralSecretaryDec 1922–Mar 1923Lenin'sTestament4 Apr 1923† Martov21 Jan 1924† LeninMay 1924TestamentshelvedJan 1925Trotsky out ofthe army31 Oct 1925† FrunzeDec 1925New Opposition20 Jul 1926† DzerzhinskyNov–Dec 1927UnitedOppositionexpelledFeb 1929Prinkipo1929–1930The RightdefeatedDec 1934Kirov killedAug 1936First MoscowtrialJan 1937Second Moscowtrial18 Feb 1937† OrdzhonikidzeJun 1937The generalsMar 1938Third MoscowtrialNov 1938Yezhov replaced27 Feb 1939† KrupskayaMay 1939† RadekAug 1939Molotov–RibbentropPact4 Feb 1940† YezhovAug 1940Coyoacán1940 → 1952 · the Second World War9 Mar 1952† Kollontai5 Mar 1953† StalinJun–Dec 1953Beria's fallNicholas IIKornilovKerenskyMartovPlekhanovLeninKrupskayaZinovievKamenevSverdlovKollontaiTrotskyRadekTukhachevskyFrunzeBukharinRykovTomskyStalinMolotovKirovOrdzhonikidzeDzerzhinskyYagodaYezhovBeriaBacked Lenin, then leftBolsheviksMensheviksReturned lateLed the Petersburg SovietOctober ManifestoPravdaCo-optedFoundersMoved to SwitzerlandOpposed itZimmerwald LeftAlso thereBack from SiberiaProvisional GovernmentAbdicatedCalled them ravingsOn the trainObjectedHid in FinlandArrestedHead of governmentReleasedTurned to the SovietsMarched on PetrogradOpposed itLed itOverthrownWalked outCommissarsChairmanSoviet executiveChekaFor revolutionary warNeither war nor peaceFor peaceAnnounced itShotWoundedRed TerrorClashed at TsaritsynFront commandersWar CommissarNeighbouring frontDefeatedOrdered the assaultNEP, faction banLed itWorkers' OppositionGeneral SecretaryBacked himTo be removedInsultedAlso assessedDictated itThe Georgian affairKept his postHanded it overSaved himStayed silentRemovedReplaced himSent to LeningradWonNew OppositionIn chargeExpelledDeported to TurkeyHead of governmentWonDefeatedRecantedInvestigatedKilledArrestedNKVD chiefTried, shotNamedTook over the NKVDNKVD chiefHis deputy shotTen yearsNKVD chiefShotTried, shotNKVD chiefMoved asideNew NKVD chiefSignedPresentKilledJoined against himArrested, shot✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕✕